Introduce character set and apply it

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A character set is a collection of characters, each of which is represented by a unique code. In computing, character sets are used to represent text and other symbols, such as punctuation marks and mathematical symbols.

There are several character sets in use today, including ASCII, Unicode, and ISO 8859. These character sets differ in the number of characters they support and the way those characters are represented.

ASCII, or the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character set that was developed in the 1960s an dis still widely used today. It includes 128 characters, including the letters of the English alphabet, numerals, punctuation marks and control characters.

Unicode is a character set that was developed in the 1990s and is now the most widely used character set. It includes over 143,000 characters, including the characters from ASCII and many other scripts, such as Chinese, Japanese and Arabic.

In programming, character sets are used to define the set of characters that a program can recognize and process. For example, in C programming, the characters set is defined by the ASCII standard by default. To use a different character set, a programmer must use a library or function that can support that character set.

To apply character sets, programmers must understand the encoding scheme used to represent characters. For example, ASCII characters are encoded using 7 bits, while Unicode characters are encoded using 16 bits or more. This encoding scheme is used to represent characters in computer memory and storage. By understanding the encoding scheme, programmers can properly read, write and manipulate text data in different character sets.