Computer Engineering

 . Course Content of Computer Science Grade 11 Unit 1 :   Computer system 1.1  Introduce computer with its characteristics  and  Application 1.2  Describe the evolution of computer 1.3  Describe the measurement unit of processing speed and storage unit and use them 1.4  Introduce Super, Mainframe, Mini and Microcomputers and compare them. 1.5  Introduce mobile computing and its application and use it 1.6  Sketch and describe computer architecture and organization. 1.7  Identify and explain the components of computer system. 1.8  Introduce and explain microprocessor and bus system. 1.9  Introduce and explain primary and secondary memory. 1.10  Identify and use input and output devices. 1.11  Describe hardware interfaces and use them. Unit 2 : Number System and Conversion Boolean Logic 2.1  Introduce the number system, Decimal-Binary-Octal Hexadecimal conversion and binary calculation. 2.2  Intr...

 . Cyber Law in Nepal Cyberlaw is the area of law which concerns computers and computer-related crimes. It merges many legal sides including Internet law and regulations  Telecommunication laws  Software laws  International laws  Criminal law  Intellectual property law etc.  And puts them into the context of computers.  Generically, cyber law is referred to as the Law of the Internet.  Nepal’s Cyberworld is ruled by the Electronic Transaction Act (ETA) 2063 that protects users online against cybercrimes.  The Act is dived into 12 sections and 80 clauses. This law keeps an eye on issues which are related to computer networks and cybercrime.  It brings cyber criminals under the justice of law and penalizes them just like other crimes. As per the Act, if anyone is found violating cybercrime, he/she will be punished for a minimum of 6 months to a maximum of 3 years in jail and has to pay minimum 50 thousand to maximum 3 lakhs as a penal...

 . Digital signature A digital signature is an electronic, encrypted, stamp of authentication on digital information such as email messages or electronic documents.  A signature confirms that the information originated from the signer and has not been altered.  It provides the highest levels of security and universal acceptance.  Working of Digital Signature Sender’s side  When the sender electronically signs a document two keys are generated: Public and Private.  The private key is kept by the signer and it should be kept securely. On the other hand, the receiver must have the public key to decrypt the message.  Then the Hash function is used on the document to create Hash, which is also known as digest.  Then the private key is used to encrypt hash.  The document is sent to the recipients along with the sender's public key.  Receiver’s side The recipient receives the document and decrypts the encrypted hash with the sender's public key...

 . Information Security Information security, sometimes shortened too InfoSec, is the practice of protecting information by reducing information risks. It is part of information risk management. It typically involves preventing or reducing the probability of unauthorized inappropriate access to data, or the unlawful use, disclosure, disclosure, disruption, deletion, corruption, modification, inspection, recording, or devaluation of information.  Legal issues in Information Security It is true that any business operates in a legal environment. Liability, copyright, jurisdiction etc. are some of the legal issues related to information security.  Issues of copyright and trademarks Internet Copyright and trademark violation fall under intellectual property law. Intellectual property includes software, music, videos, books, trademarks, copyright and web pages. Copyright is ownership of an original work created by the author.  Trademark represents a symbol or picture that ...

 . Digital Society A Digital Society is an interdisciplinary research area and a kind of progressive society that has been formed as a result of adaptation as well as integration of advanced technologies into the society and culture. It reflect the results of the modern society in adoption and integrating information and communication technologies at home, work, education and recreation. However, we also have to understand how the scale and speed of these change impact consumers, user, citizens and workers, including all of these combined into a single 'digital person', as well as how they affect social and private life, education, science, government, democracy and business. Digital Society including its meaning and concept, stakeholders, characteristics and features. Paper also talks about the challenges of Digital Society including its academic potentiality. Computer Ethics Computer ethics is the set of commonly agreed principles that govern the use of computers. Computer et...

 . Component of multimedia  Following are the common component of multimedia 1. Text         All multimedia production contain same amount of text. The text can have various types of fonts and size to suit the professing presentation of the multimedia software. 2. Graphics          Graphics make the multimedia application. Attractive many cases people do not like reading large amount of textual matter on the screen Therefore Graphics are used more often then text to explain a concept present back ground information etc. There are two types of graphics : Bitmap Image :  Bitmap image are real image that can be capture form device such as digital camera of scanner. Generally Bitmap image are not editable. Bitmap image are required large amount of memory. Vector graphics :  Vector graphics are drown on the computer and required small amount of memory & they are editable. 3. Audio          A mu...

 . Multimedia Multimedia is an interactive media and provides multiple ways to represent information to the user in a powerful manner. It provides an interaction between user and digital information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the sector where multimedia used extensible are education, training, reference material, business presentation, advertisement and documentary. It is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive manner with the use of combination of text, audio, video, graphics, animation etc. In other words we can say multimedia is a computerizes method of presenting information combining textual data, audio, video, graphic and animation. For example yahoo, messenger, email. etc. Multimedia as name suggest is the combination of multi and media that is many types of media (hardware/software) used for communication of information. Application of Multimedia Following are the common area of multimedia:   1. Multimedia in Business  ...

 . Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) A cascading style sheet is a separate HTML file that keeps track of design and format information such as the colors, fonts, font sizes and margins you use in your help files or Web pages. It describe how html element are to be display on screen, paper or in other media. CSS save a lot of works. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once. Types of CSS Inline CSS Internal or embedded CSS External CSS Inline CSS Inline CSS contains the CSS property in the body section attached with element is known as inline CSS. This kind of style is specified within an html tag using style attribute.  Example : <!DOCTYPE html>     <html>          <head>               <title> Inline CSS </title>          </head>               <body>         ...

 . Types of tags are given bellow : 1. Cantinas tag Those tags which have both opening & end are called cantinas tags.  Example :     <p> </p>     <title> </title>     <body> </body>     <head> </head>     <h1> </h1>     <a> </a> etc. Empty tag  Those tag which do not need closing or which have only opening tag are called empty tags. Example :     <br>     <img>     <hr>     <scr> etc. Attributes   Attributes are the properties that can be define for the tag. Example :     <body align = "center"> Note: body is tag align is attribute and center is value. Home

 . HTML HTML stands for hypertext markup language. It is the programming language used to develop webpages. HTML consist of Tag (< >) which are used in programming. Most of the html tag are under stand able by the web browsers. The html describes the structure of the webpage. It is developed and monitored by  W3C (world wide web consortium). Structure of HTML <!DOCTPE html>     <html>              <head>                    <title>   </title>             </head>                    <body>                                  ..........................                    </body...

 . Internet A collection of local, regional and nation computer network that are linked together to change data and distribute processing task. The term internet signifies interconnected networks, which is an information distribution system spanning all seven continents. Internet stands for International network . It is the largest computer network system in the word. It is a global network of computers. Millions of computer around the world can share any information at any information at any time by using this world wide network system. The internet is an ocean of information accessible to people across the world, but the way it can be used on various platform is different.  In 1996, the Department of Defense (DOD) of the united state of America started a project to allow researcher and military personnel to communicate with each other in an emergency.  The project is called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network)  and is the foundation of the in...

 . Web browser A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web is called a Web Browser. As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the computer or other Internet enabled device that supports a browser. Web browser is a software application used to enable computers users to locate and access web pages. Browsers translates the basic HTML (Hypertext Mark Up Language) code that allows us to see images, text videos and listen to audios on websites, along with hyperlinks that let us travel to different web pages. The browser gets in contact with the web server and requests for information. The web server receives the information and displays it on the computer. Types of web browsers Internet Explorer : This is most widely used web browser by people around the world. It was developed by Microsof...

 . Array An array is a variable that can hold multiple value of similar datatype in continuous memory location. The value are accessed by index. The duffel  index of array start from zero and increase continuously by one.  Syntax :      <datatype> <variable name> [size]; Example :     int roll[20];     float salary[20];     char name[10]; Types of array Thera are two types of array which are given bellow : One Dimensional array  Multi Dimensional array One Dimensional array One dimensional array can represent in a single row. It is a structured collection of components (often called array elements) that can be accessed individually by specifying the position of a component with a single index value.  Syntax :     <data type> <variable name> [size]; Example    Write a program to enter to number in any array and find largest among them. #include<stdio.h> #include<cono...

 . Input Function In any programming Language input mean to feed some data into program. It can be given in the form of life or command line. C provides sets of built in function to read data & feed to program as required. - scanf(" "); - getch/gets( )     // string Formatted input function  It refers to an input data that has been arrange in particular formats.   Syntax :     scanf("Control string", &arg1, &arg2 .........); Example :     Scanf("%d%f%c%s", &int, &float, &char, &string); Unformatted input function           It is input/output function which is used for single character or string. Get char( )     It is used to input single character only. Syntax :     a = getchar( ); gets( )     It is a used to input multiple character or string including whitespace until a NULL character. Syntax :     gets(string); Example :     ge...

 . Variable A variable is a quantity that values is change any time when program execution. It is a memory location used to store a data value. A variable name should be choose carefully by programmer so that it is used in entire program.  Example :     Int salary;                         flout P, T, R;                         char x;                         String Name [20] variable declaration Variable is declaration as following syntax. <Datatype> <variable_name>; Example : Int x, y, sum =0;                        float p, t, r, si=0;                       double salary; Rules for variable declaration A variable s...